Biochemistry

Chemical Constituents of Life

  1. Biomolecules and the cell
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Proteins and amino acids
  5. Nucleic acids and nucleotides
  6. Enzymes
  7. Vitamins

Physiological Biochemistry

  1. Digestion and absorption
  2. Plasma proteins
  3. Hemoglobin and porphyrins
  4. Biological oxidation

Metabolisms

  1. Introduction to metabolism
  2. Metabolism of carbohydrates
  3. Metabolism of lipids
  4. Metabolism of amino acids
  5. Integration of metabolism
  6. Metabolism of nucleotides
  7. Mineral metabolism

Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition

  1. Hormones
  2. Organ function tests
  3. Water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
  4. Tissue proteins and body fluids
  5. Nutritio

Basics to Learn Biochemistry

  1. Introduction to bioorganic chemistry
  2. Overview of biophysical chemistry
  3. Tools of biochemistry
  4. Immunology
  5. Genetics

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

  1. Hormones
  2. Organ function tests
  3. Water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
  4. Tissue proteins and body fluids
  5. Nutritio

Current Topics

  1. Human genome project
  2. Gene therapy
  3. Bioinformatics
  4. Metabolism of xenobiotics (detoxification)
  5. Prostaglandins and related compounds
  6. Biological membranes and transport
  7. Free radicals and antioxidants
  8. Environmental biochemistry
  9. Insulin, glucose homeostasis, and diabetes mellitus
  10. Cancer
  11. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Clinical Biochemistry

Hazards in the Clinical Biochemistry

1.Hazards fromDangerous Chemicals
2.infection Hazard 
3.First Aid and Emergency Treatment in the Laboratory

Review of Analytical Chemistry​

1.Concentration
2.Dilution Problems
3.Plasma Oumolality

Units and Reference Values

Specimen Collection and Preservation

1.Taking Care of the Intro and Extra-labonstory Factors for Reliabile Results
2.Collection and Preservation of Biological Fluids
3.Method of Taking Blood Specimen and Separating the Serum Aseptically
4.Precautions for Toking Blood Sample
5.Anticoagulants turnt in Blochemical Analysis
6.Preservation, Storage and Transport of Blood Sample

Quality Control in Clinical Laboratory

1.To Assess the Validity of Results on Patient Specimens
2Type of Material Lived for Quality Control
3.Evaluation of QC Results
4.Target Average Value of Quality Control Pool
5.Temporary Target Average and Final Target Average 21 Frequency of 6.Analysis of Quality Control Sample
7.Calibration and Calibration Materials

Determination of pH

1.pH and Significanor 
2.Buffers 
3.Operation of pH Meter

Tests for Carbohydrates

1.Test for Carbohydrates
2.Reaction of Disaccharides
3.Reactions of Polysacchandes
4.Unknown Carbohydrates

Tests for Carbohydrates

1.Precipitation by Salts
2.Isoelectric Precipitation
3.Precipitation by Organic Solvents
4.Precipitation by Acidic Agents
5.Precipitation by Heavy Metallons
6.Precipitation by Heat and Acid

10. Tests for Lipids

1.Qualitative lests of Lipids 
2.Test for Unsaturation (fromination Test) 
3.Qualitative Testy for Glycerol 
4.Qualitative Tests of Cholesterol

11. Gastric Juice Analysis

1.Qualitative Analysis of Gastric Juice
2.Determination of Free and Total Acidity
3.Interpretation

11. Gastric Juice Analysis

1.Qualitative Analysis of Gastric Juice
2.Determination of Free and Total Acidity
3.Interpretation

12. Physical Examination of Urine

1.Specimen Collection and Preservation
2.Composition of Normal Urine
3.Physical Examination of Urine

13. Chemistry of Normal Urine

Tests for Inorganic Constituents
Tests for Organic Constituents

14. Abnormal Constituents of Urine

Tests for Inorganic Constituents
Tests for Organic Constituents

15. Urinary Ascorbic Acid

1.Determination of Ascorbate by Titration with 2,6-Dichlorophenolindaphenol
2.Ascorbic Acid Saturation Test

16. Urinary Reducing Sugars

Benedict’s Method for Urinary Reducing Sugars

17. Hemoglobin and its Derivatives

1.Detection of Hemoglobin and its Derivatives
2.Spectroscopic Study of the Pigments
3.Preparation of Hemin Crystals
4.Quantitative Determination of Hemoglobin
5.Hemoglobin and Related Chromoprotein

18. Spectral Techniques

1.Absorption Spectroscopy
2.Standard Curve (Calibration Curve)
3.Type of instruments
4.Essential Parts of Photo-colorimeter

22. Kidney Function Tests

1.Tests of Glomerular Function
2.Testy of Tubular Function

23. Pancreatic Function Tests

1.Functions of the Pancreas
2.Tests in Pancreatic Diseasesn

19. Automation

1.Classification of Analyzers
2.Profiles of Analyzers
3.Benefits of Analyzers

21. Cardiac Function Tests

1.Test for Coronary Heart Disease Risk Evnivution 

2.Diagnostic indicator of Myocardial infarction 

24. Thyroid Function Tests

1.Current Methods for Measuring Thyroid Related Hormones
2.Enzyme immunoassay for the Quantitative Determination of 3.Thyratropin (15H) anil Total T4,T3
4.Assessment of Thyroid Function and interpretation

20. Liver Function Tests.

1.Excretion
2.Intermediary Metabolism
3.Serum Enzymes in Liver Diseases and Jaundice
4.Synthesis
5.Detoxification
6.Hepatitis Markers
7.Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
8.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
9.Hepatitis Be Antigen (Ag)
10.Antibodies to Hepatitis Be Antigen (Anil Be)
11.Antibody to Hepotais Core Antigen (Anix)
12.Hepatitis B Vin ONA (HBV DNA)
13.Hepatitis C Van (CV)
14.Hepatitis O Virus (HDV)
15.Hepatitis Delta Antibody (Ant- HOV)
16.Hepatitis & Virus.

25. Tumor Markers

1.Overview of Role of Laboratory Tests
2.Classes of Blochemical Used as Tumor Markers
3.Types of Analytes Used
4.Other Proteins
5.Methodology Used for Tumor Markers

26. Serum Total Proteins and Albumin-Globulin Ratio

1.Serum Proteins investigation
2.Serum Protein Estimation by Biuret Method
3.Determination of Albumin-Globulin Ratio

27. Serum Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase

1.Alkaline Phosphatase
2.Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Estimation
3.Photometric Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase
4.Acid Phosphatase

28. Serum Aminotransferases (Transaminases)

Determination of Aminotransferases

29. Serum Amylase

1.a-Amylase
2.Serum Amylase Estimation
3.Reagents
4.Amylase (CNPG3 Method)
5.Increased Plasma Amylase
6.Macroamylasemia
7.Decreased Plasma Amylase

30. Serum Bilirubin

1.Determination of Serum Billubin
2.Determination of Total and Direct Bilirubin
3.Determination of Serum Bilirubin by the Method of Jendrassik and Gorf
4.Retention Jaundice (Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia)
5.Regurgitation laundice
6.Moed Hyperbilirubinemia

31. Blood Urea and Urea Clearance

1.Choice of the Sample
2.Determination of Blood Urea
3.Nonenzymatic Method (Diacetyl Monaxime Method, DAM Method)
4.Urinary Urea

32. Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance

1.Determination of Serum Creatinine (Jaffe’s Alkaline Picrate Method)
2.Estimation of Creatinine (Jaffe’s Reaction without Deproteinization, Kinetic Method)
3.Creatinine Clearance

33. Serum Uric Acid

1.Determination of Serum Urate (Caraway’s Method)
2.Determination of Urate in Urine

33. Serum Uric Acid

1.Choice of Blood Specimen
2.Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase Method
3.Glucose Hexokinase Method
4.Alkaline Copper Reduction Method
5.Ferricyanide Method
6.Classification of Hyperglycemia Disorders
7.Causes of Insulin Resistance

35. Glucose Tolerance Test

1.Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
2.Extended Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (EGTT)
3.Cortisone Stressed Glucose Tolerance Test
4.Frequently Sampled intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (FSIGT)
5.Factors Affecting GTT
6.Some Special Tests for Diagnosis of Diabetes

36. Blood Lipids

1.Ultracentrifugation and Electrophoresis
2.Precautions for Taking Blood Samples for Lipid Analysis
3.Cholesterol
4.Nonenzymatic Method for Cholesterol Estimation
5.Enzymatic Method for Cholesterol Estimation
6.Determination of HDL Cholesterol
7.Triglycerides

37. Serum Inorganic Phosphorus

1.Phosphorus in Blood
2.Determination of Inorganic Phosphate in Serum
3.Phosphate Excretion

38. Serum Calcium

1.Determination of Total Serum Calcium
2.Estimation of Total Serum Calcium Dye O-Cresolphthalein Complexone (Colorimetric End point method)

39. Serum Chloride

1.Choice of Specimen
2.Lhine Chloride
3.Determination of Serum Chloride

40. Cerebrospinal Fluid

1.Examination of CS
2.Determination of Total Protein
3.Determination of Globulens
4.Determination of Glucose
5.Determination of Chloride

41. Analysis of Foodstuffs

1.Animal Products
2.Vegetable Products

42. Chromatography

1.Adsorption Chromatography
2.Preparation of Samples

43. Electrophoresis

1.Types of Electrophoresis
2.Types of Electrophoresis Used for Separation of Serum Proteins

46. Body Fluids and their Composition

Anion Gap

44. Flame Photometer

1.Principle
2.Types of Flame Photometers
3.Various Parts of Flame Photometer
4.Sample Dilution
5.Care and Maintenance of Flame Photometers
6.Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

45. Blood Gas Analyzer

1.Calibration
2.Precautions
3.Type of Possible Acid-Base Disturbances
4.Combined Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis
5.Combined Respiratory and Metabolic Alkalosis

47. Immunology

1.The First Level of Detecting Interaction of Antibodies and Antigens
2.Precipitation
3.Agglutination
4.Second Level of Detecting Interaction of Antibodies and Antigens
5.Antigen-Antibody Reactions Using Fluorescent Labels
6.Radioimmunoassay Methods
7.Immunoassays Using Enzymes-Linked Antibody or Antigen, Enzyme-8.Linked Immu

48 Isotopes in Clinical Chemistry

1.Basic Structure of an Atom
2.Units of Radioactivity Measurements
3.Principles of Radiation and Radioactivity
4.Measurement of Radioactivity
5.Applications of Radioisotopes

49. Human Immunodeficiency Virus​

1.Structure and Function of HV Gene
2.Specific Tests

50. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

1.Purpose for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
2.Commonly Monitored Drugs
3.Laborutory Estimation of Drugs
4.Conditions for Monitoring Antiepileptic Drugs
5.Time for Monttaring Drugs
6.Application of Therapeutic Ranges for Antiepileptic Therapies
7.TDM Technologies