Introduction
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. A deficiency in thyroid hormones disrupts the body’s metabolism, energy production, weight control, and mental state. If you do not detect the disease early, you may gradually experience fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair loss, and depression. Understanding the causes of hypothyroidism helps you prevent it and treat the condition quickly.
Common Causes of Hypothyroidism
1. Autoimmune disease (Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis)
This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid cells, resulting in reduced hormone production.
Iodine is the main ingredient in the production of thyroid hormones. A deficiency of iodine in the diet leads to less hormone production and can also lead to goiter.
3. Thyroid surgery or radioiodine therapy
Thyroid cancer or other causes can cause the gland to become partially or completely useless after surgery or radioactive iodine is used.
4. Side effects of medications
Some medications such as Lithium, Amiodarone or Interferon can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid.
5. Pituitary gland problems
If the pituitary gland cannot produce enough TSH, the thyroid cannot produce hormones properly.
6. Genetic and congenital causes
Some children are born with a weak thyroid. This is called Congenital Hypothyroidism.
What blood tests are done for hypothyroidism?
1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Most important test for diagnosing hypothyroidism.
When the thyroid is underactive, TSH levels increase, as the pituitary gland tries to push the thyroid to make more hormones.
Normal Range: 0.4 – 4.5 mIU/L (may vary slightly by lab).
2. Free T4 (Thyroxine)
Measures the amount of active thyroid hormone in your blood.
In hypothyroidism, Free T4 is low, even though TSH is high.
3. Free T3 (Triiodothyronine)
Sometimes checked to get a complete picture of thyroid function.
In hypothyroidism, T3 may also be low or normal depending on severity.
4. Anti-TPO Antibody (Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody)
Helps detect autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), the most common cause of hypothyroidism.
If positive, it indicates your immune system is attacking the thyroid gland.
5. Thyroglobulin Antibody (Anti-Tg Ab)
Another autoimmune marker that supports diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Conclusion
Hypothyroidism is a common but important hormonal disease. Various factors can cause it, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune problems, certain medications, or thyroid surgery. You can diagnose the disease early by performing blood tests such as TSH, T3, and T4. Therefore, if you notice unexplained fatigue, weight changes, hair loss, or mental instability, consult your doctor and get a thyroid test promptly. Moreover, staying aware and seeking timely treatment help you control hypothyroidism effectively.
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